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【美國礦業03】坑道內點滴

        預計製作【歐美礦業雜談】系列文,因為在這礦業逐漸讓人遺忘的年代,「今日不做,明天就會後悔」,而身為礦工之子的筆者,對台灣經濟發展曾作出貢獻的煤礦業,要努力記錄。

Young Trapper Boy in West Virginia Coal Mine

Title:Young Trapper Boy in West Virginia Coal Mine.(1908)

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說明:一位年輕的礦工手扶風門。此門用途是控制氣流方向,讓外界自然風能通到坑底,使成循環,且集中氣流在主要工作坑道,以免氣流漏氣、外逸,造成風壓不足,讓工作坑道因通風不良造成起火、CO中毒等。台灣煤礦業曾經有非常多的礦災,其坑道內風門控制或設計不當是主要因素之一。

 

Pennsylvania Coal Mine

Title:Pennsylvania Coal Mine.(1910)

出處:

說明:從圖片可看出,美國地質的岩盤較硬,所挖坑道較寬高並舖設輕軌,節省人工搬運。此炭層離水平面近,故坑道內溫度不高,礦工還可以穿著厚襯衫、長褲,保護身體。

 

These Miners Like Their Lunch And A Little Rest In Such Low-Ceilinged Entries

Title:These Miners Like Their Lunch And A Little Rest In Such Low-Ceilinged Entries.(1930)

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說明:礦工就近在坑道旁休息。但若安全管理不當,常會造成礦工死傷。

 

Digger is breaking large lumps of coal with an ax preparatory to loading the car. He uses an open flame lamp. Unsafe practice in gaseous mine.

Title:Digger is breaking large lumps of coal with an ax preparatory to loading the car. He uses an open flame lamp. Unsafe practice in gaseous mine.(1860 – 1920)


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說明:美國的煤層較厚,太大塊的煤炭則就地粉碎,而塊煤較有經濟價值。左邊木條(一長樹幹一短木板)是支撐頂磐,防止崩塌。

 

 

Switch extended into hole in rib, thus it does not cause danger on haulage way.

Title:Switch extended into hole in rib, thus it does not cause danger on haulage way.(1860-1920)


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說明:軌道轉轍器,避免台車碰撞與改變行駛方向。

 

Miner preparing shot for taking draw slate

Title:Miner preparing shot for taking draw slate(1860-1920)


出處:

說明:礦工作好記號,準備爆破取煤。

 

Loader blocks car before commencing work. He does not rely on brake holding car in dip room and no accident occurs - he is careful.

Title:Loader blocks car before commencing work. He does not rely on brake holding car in dip room and no accident occurs – he is careful.(1860-1920)


出處:

說明:爆破完之後,礦工拿一木條頂住未崩煤壁,另用2根木條交叉頂住台車,防止逸走,作好安全措施,才開始裝煤。

 

Snapper throws switch; he runs to catch motor trips over switch, falls, arm is cut off by wheel.

Title:Snapper throws switch; he runs to catch motor trips over switch, falls, arm is cut off by wheel.(1860-1920)


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說明:坑內黝黑、地上雜物不少,導致意外頻傳。遭台車「搜過」的人,常有死傷或殘廢。

 

Mining coal three miles under ground, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Title:Mining coal three miles under ground, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.(1850-1930)


出處:

說明:同樣跪姿採煤,台灣礦坑裡的空間與之相較,實在差太多了。雖單一照片不能代表群體,但相信,看過相關資料後,會覺得台灣煤業的工作環境真惡劣。

One of the most frequent causes for accident is the falling of the roof because the props were not placed, and another almost equally great cause for death or injury is the falling of the prop itself improperly set in position. Wooden props as shown in our illustration are notoriously dangerous.

Title:One of the most frequent causes for accident is the falling of the roof because the props were not placed, and another almost equally great cause for death or injury is the falling of the prop itself improperly set in position. Wooden props as shown in our illustration are notoriously dangerous.(1860-1920)

出處:

說明:落磐常會造成死傷,是礦災的主因之一。原因是支架建置不確實、材料不可靠或意外等。

Out-cropping of coal veins near earth's surface along the banks of a stream, Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.

Title:Out-cropping of coal veins near earth’s surface along the banks of a stream, Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.(1905)

出處:

說明:地面上煤炭層露頭。台灣普遍煤炭層厚度在0.6M以內。

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