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【美國礦業01】礦工的生活

 

今日不做,明天就會後悔

       由於台灣早期礦業圖片記錄較少,品質也不夠,加上版權限制,故筆者利用芝加哥藝術博物館(The Art Institute of Chicago)、美國大都會博物館(The Metropolitan Museum of Art)、紐約公共圖書館(New York Public Library, NYPL)、丹佛公共圖書館(Denver Public Library)等館藏收藏品的大量數位圖檔,預計對台灣礦業運作與礦工生活作一番「不專業」的解說(我只是一位礦工之子,沒有採礦經驗),尚祈各界先進指教。

        在各官方網站的「The Collection」專欄裡,所收藏開放畫作之圖片檔,是免費下載,畫質非常好,可供檢視細節,還會標示圖片授權方式。其中有不少都是採用 CC0 Public Domain 授權,也就是可自由用於個人或商業用途,無需標示出處。如果需要使用這些作品圖片,從各官網下載會較安全,以避免版權爭議或圖片不夠清楚等問題。筆者也會陸續補充其他圖書館所開放、免費的圖片檔,充實本系列文之解說。

圖片來源如下:

1.芝加哥藝術博物館網站:The Art Institute of Chicago
網站鏈結:https://www.artic.edu/collection

 

2.美國大都會博物館網站:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
網站鏈結:https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/

 

3.紐約公共圖書館網站:NYPL Digital Collections
網站鏈結:http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/

 

4.丹佛公共圖書館:Denver Public Library
網站鏈結:https://digital.denverlibrary.org/

 

        預計製作【歐美礦業雜談】系列文,因為在這礦業逐漸讓人遺忘的年代,「今日不做,明天就會後悔」,而身為礦工之子的筆者,對於台灣經濟發展曾作出貢獻的煤礦業,有一分責任要努力記錄流傳後世。

礦工生活點滴

Group of Coal-Searchers Near Heworth, Tyneside; Pithead Train in the Distance mine in background

Title:Group of Coal-Searchers Near Heworth, Tyneside; Pithead Train in the Distance mine in background.(1932-1942)

出處:
說明:撿拾炭渣的一家人,以便貼補家用。

 

Miners' wives and children picking coal from the dump, Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.

Title:Miners’ wives and children picking coal from the dump, Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.(1850-1930)

出處:

說明:撿拾炭渣的工作,一般都是老弱婦孺負責,舉世皆然。廢土石一般都就近傾倒,日積月累常造成錐狀或平台式土丘。

 

Coal Searcher Going Home to Jarrow

Title:Coal Searcher Going Home to Jarrow.(1937)

出處:
說明:老人將撿拾來的炭渣運回家。在台灣除了去廢土堆撿拾炭渣外,不少人也在基隆河撈上游沖刷而下的炭渣,稱「耙溪仔炭」。

 

Coal Pickers

Title:Coal Pickers(1939)

出處:

說明:礦場外聚集不少撿拾炭渣的人。一般坑內廢土石是就地堆積或運往坑外丟棄,而在礦場附近形成土丘。

 

Three generations of Welsh miners

Title:Three generations of Welsh miners(1950)

出處:

說明:一家三代皆礦工。台灣俗諺云:「入了這一行,要換工作難」, 說明礦工轉職之不易,世代皆為礦工。

 

Farmer and sons digging coal.

Title:Farmer and sons digging coal.(1860 – 1920)


出處:

說明:工業革命以後,需煤孔急,農人紛轉行採煤。台灣在戰前,也常有半農半礦的現象,專業礦工很少,是礦業意外不斷的因素之一。

 

Bituminous miners' houses

Title:Bituminous miners’ houses(1860 – 1920)

出處:

說明:礦工的屋舍。民情不同,各國礦工寮亦不同。

 

Helping The Poor - Gratuitous Destribution Of Coal By The City - Scene In Cherry Street.

Title:Helping The Poor – Gratuitous Destribution Of Coal By The City – Scene In Cherry Street.(1877)

出處:

說明:近代北方國家常需要煤炭以便渡過冬天,尤其都市裡居民需求更是迫切。地方官有時會無償提供窮人煤炭,以便炊爨或驅寒取暖,如同「開倉賑災」之意。《諸羅縣志》云:「雞籠煤炭產於積薪無用之區,移置郡治,即為無窮之利」,這是因為清朝時期基隆位於南方且不乏木薪,居民不甚使用煤炭,但都市居民或大陸北方各省則迫切需要。故煤炭貿易在工業革命之後,逐漸興盛。

 

Mexican girl standing over pan of hot coal in which pail of water is heating. Robstown, Texas

Title:Mexican girl standing over pan of hot coal in which pail of water is heating. Robstown, Texas(1939)

出處:

說明:用小爐燒炭煮熱水。

 

Miner and his wife

Title:Miner and his wife(1936)

出處:

說明:此圖表示家庭的分工,礦業的高危險性(住宅區外圍的墳墓群、坑口的冤魂),隨時都有意外發生。雖如此危險,礦工為了生活還是要入坑工作,即俗諺【入坑死一人,毋入死全家】。戰後一般礦場保安人員要先入坑檢查(瓦斯量、岩石崩塌…),確認沒問題再讓礦工入坑。

 

Colorado, scene of the recent terrible mining disaster at Crested Butte

Title:Colorado, scene of the recent terrible mining disaster at Crested Butte(1880-1890)

出處: (丹佛圖書館)
說明:Miners and probably townspeople stand near the entrance to the Colorado Coal and Iron Company’s Jokerville mine after an explosion in Crested Butte (Gunnison County), Colorado. Shows lumber scattered near wooden mine buildings, a head frame, and a covered snow shed. Snow is on the ground and on hillsides. Inset image shows dead men, partly covered by a sheet, in a makeshift morgue in the blacksmith shop.

坑內若發生爆炸,常常造成重大死傷,「少壯礦內死,室遺老弱殘」的現象,在煤礦聚落裡比比皆是。

 

The disaster at Crested Butte, Colorado

Title:The disaster at Crested Butte, Colorado(1880-1890)

出處: (丹佛圖書館)
說明:Snow is on the ground at the Colorado Coal and Iron Company’s Jokerville coal mine in Crested Butte (Gunnison County), Colorado. Shows log and frame mine buildings, a covered snow shed and a headframe. Women in mourning with blankets around their heads and shoulders, stand in a makeshift morgue after the mine disaster. Dead men, partly covered with sheets, lie on tables. Men carry a body on a stretcher from the mine shaft. Lumber debris from the explosion is on a hillside.

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